x-
Abbreviates ‘x-$’ like ‘x*’, but omits the last word.
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event.
9.3.3 Modifiers
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’. h
Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. t
Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. r
Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘.suffix’, leaving the basename. e
Remove all but the trailing suffix. p
Print the new command but do not execute it. q
Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. x
Quote the substituted words as with ‘q’, but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines. s/old/new/
Substitute new for the first occurrence of old in the event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of ‘/’. The delimiter may be quoted in old and new with a single backslash. If ‘&’ appears in new, it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote the ‘&’. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the input line.
&
Repeat the previous substitution. g a
Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in conjunction with ‘s’, as in gs/old/new/, or with ‘&’.
G
Apply the following ‘s’ modifier once to each word in the event.